The Antoinette was built in France for use in speedboat racing and airplanes. The first known V8 engine was the Antoinette engine, designed by Léon Levavasseur, which was first built in 1904. Early flat-plane V8 engines included the 1910 De Dion-Bouton engine, the 1915 Peerless engine, and the 1915 Cadillac engine. Most early V8 road car engines also used a flat-plane crankshaft, since this was simpler to design and build than a cross-plane crankshaft. Several production sports cars have used flat-plane V8 engines, such as every Ferrari V8 model (from the 1973 Ferrari 308 GT4 to the 2019-present Ferrari F8 Tributo), the Lotus Esprit V8, the Porsche 918 Spyder, and the McLaren MP4-12C. The design was popularized in motor racing by the 1961–1965 Coventry Climax FWMV Formula One engine, and the 1967–1985 Cosworth DFV engine was highly successful in Formula One. However, it produces more vibration due to a secondary imbalance.įrom the gas dynamics aspect, the flat-plane crankshaft allows for even exhaust gas pulsing to be achieved with a simple exhaust system. Mechanically, the crankshaft can be machined from a flat billet and does not require counterweights so it is lighter. This configuration provides two benefits. On the other hand, a flat-plane crankshaft is used by many V8 engines fitted to racing cars. In order to link the exhaust systems from each bank (to provide even exhaust gas pulses), 1960s cross-plane V8 racing engines have either used long primary exhaust pipes (such as the Ford GT40 endurance racing car) or located the exhaust ports on the inside of the V-angle (such as the Lotus 38 Ind圜ar).
However, racing engines seek to avoid these uneven exhaust pressure pulses, in order to maximise the power output. When separate exhaust systems are used for each bank of cylinders, this uneven pulsing results in the rumbling sound that is typically associated with V8 engines. A typical firing order of L-R-L-L-R-L-R-R (or R-L-R-R-L-R-L-L) results in uneven intake and exhaust pulse spacing for each bank. The iconic rumbling exhaust sound produced by a typical cross-plane V8 engine is partly due to the uneven firing order within each of the two banks of four cylinders. The cross-plane crankshaft has the four crank pins (numbered from the front) at angles of 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees, which results in a cross shape for the crankshaft when it is viewed from one end. Most V8 engines fitted to road cars use a cross-plane crankshaft, since this configuration has less vibrations due to the perfect primary balance and secondary balance. The 8-cylinder versions of the 1945–1966 EMD 567 diesel locomotive engine also used a V-angle of 45 degrees.Ĭrankshaft configuration Cross-plane crankshaft The 1932 Miller four-wheel drive racing cars used a V8 engine with a V-angle of 45 degrees. The Lancia Trikappa, Lancia Dilambda, and Lancia Astura, produced 1922–1939, used narrow angle V8 engines (based on the Lancia V4 engine) with V-angles of 14-24 degrees. Other V-angles have been used occasionally. The Rolls-Royce Meteorite tank engine also used a 60 degree V-angle, since it was derived from the 60 degree Rolls-Royce Meteor which in turn was based on the famous Rolls-Royce Merlin V12 engine. To reduce the vibrations caused by the unbalanced 60 degree V-angle, the Volvo engines used a balance shaft and offset split crankpins. Both the Ford and Volvo engines were used in transverse engine chassis, which were designed for a front-wheel-drive layout (with on-demand all-wheel drive system in the case of the Volvos).
The Ford engine used a 60 degree V-angle because it was based on a V6 engine with a 60 degree V-angle. V8 engines with a 60 degree V-angle were used in the 1996–1999 Ford Taurus SHO, the 2005–2011 Volvo XC90, and the 2006–2009 Volvo S80. This angle results in good engine balance, which results in low vibrations however, the downside is a larger width than V8 engines that use a smaller V-angle. The majority of V8 engines use a V-angle (the angle between the two banks of cylinders) of 90 degrees. 1917 Liberty L-8- an aircraft engine with a V-angle of 45°
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